Multiple-transducer/actuator array

ABSTRACT

In combination with disk drive apparatus, a multi-gap flat-coil linear actuator is disclosed, being arranged to carry N like transducer means and to reciprocate these, together, into associated gaps between a respective stacked disks, the actuator being comprised of flat-coil turns on a planar substrate which is arranged to be driven vertically, up and down the stack; accessing different gap-sets, being driven between opposing magnet pole pieces, whereby when the coil turns are energized, the substrate may be caused to vertically position the multiple transducer arms.

BACKGROUND, FEATURES OF INVENTION

This is a division of U.S. Ser. No. 085,945, now abandoned, entitled"Flat-Coil Actuator Array For Multi-Head Disk Drive" filed by JorgenFrandsen on Oct. 18, 1979 and commonly assigned.

This invention relates to novel electromagnetic actuator.

Magnetic disk files for recording and storing data are widely used indata processing; e.g., as peripheral memory. Disk files have theadvantage of facilitating data transfer at randomly selected addresslocations (tracks) and without need for the "serial seek" modecharacteristic of magnetic tape memories.

As workers are aware, the transducers used in association with diskrecording surfaces must be reciprocated very rapidly between selectedaddress locations (tracks) with high precision. It will be recognized asimportant for such a system to move a transducer very rapidly betweendata locations; and to do so with high positional accuracy betweenclosely-spaced track addresses. This constraint becomes very tricky astrack density increases--as is presently the case. Typically, such diskstorage systems mount the transducer head on an arm carried by a blockthat is supported by a carriage. This carriage is usually mounted ontrack ways for reciprocation by an associated transducer actuator.

Workers will recognize that the present trend is toward ever highertrack density with increased storage capacity and decreased access time.Of course, as track density rises, closer control over the actuatormechanism is necessary to position transducer heads accurately over anyselected track, lest signals be recorded, or read, with too muchdistortion, and without proper amplitude control, etc.

Known Positioners

Such transducer actuators (linear positioners) employed with magneticdisk memory systems are subject to stringent requirements; for instance,these systems typically involve a stack of several magnetic disks, eachwith many hundreds of concentric recording tracks spanning a radius ofabout 12 inches; and a head-carrying arm is typically provided to accesseach pair of opposing disk surfaces. This arm will typically carry twoto four heads so that it need be moved only about 3 inches (radially) toposition its heads adjacent any selected track. Thus, it will beappreciated that such applications involve extreme positioning accuracytogether with very high translation speeds (to minimize access time--asignificant portion of which is used for head positioning). Such apositioner must move its transducer heads very rapidly so that theassociated computer can process data as fast as possible--computer timebeing so expensive that any significant delay over an extended period(of even a fraction of a millisecond) can raise costs enormously("transition time", during which heads are moved from track to track, is"dead time" insofar as data processing is concerned, of course). Thus,computer manufacturers typically set specifications that require suchinter-track movements to take no more than a few milliseconds. Such highspeed translation imposes extreme design requirements: it postulates apowerful motor of relatively low mass (including carriage weight) andlow translational friction.

Another requirement for such head positioners is that they exhibit arelatively long stroke, on the order of 1-4 inches or more, in order tominimize the number of heads required per recording surface [pair].

The prior art discloses many such positioner devices, including someintended for use in magnetic disk memory systems: e.g., see U.S. Pat.Nos. 3,135,880; 3,314,057; 3,619,673; 3,922,720; 4,001,889; 4,150,407;3,544,980; 3,646,536; 3,665,433; 3,666,977; 3,827,081; and 3,922,718among others.

Workers recall that such actuator carriages are driven by variousactuator mechanisms, including the well known "voice coil" motor (VCM,comprising a solenoid like those used to drive an audio speaker). Thatis, the magnetic heads are carried by a sliding carriage driven by a VCelectric motor including a mobile electric coil positioned in a magneticfield and fed by a current of variable intensity and polarity. Thismagnetic field is typically established by permanent magnet meansdisposed about the movable coil. Such a VC linear positioner can exhibitcertain disadvantages--for example: excess mass and associated excesspower requirements; and drive and control circuitry which isunduly-complicated. That is, such actuators typically involve arelatively heavy carriage; accordingly a lot of inertia must be overcomeeach time the carriage is accelerated from rest. This acceleration mustbe maximized to minimize access time. Thus, a great burden is placedupon the power requirements to the voice coil to provide the necessaryhigh acceleration. Such VC actuators are not particularly efficient inconverting electrical power either; also they typically requirerelatively complicated drive and control circuitry to effect therequisite precise positioning despite high accelerations.

FIG. 11 thus represents a conventional moving coil, magnetic actuator(VCM) very schematically shown (see also Fujitsu Scientific andTechnical Journal June 1972, page 60 and following). Here a moving coil(armature) C will be understood as mounted upon a movable bobbin adaptedto reciprocate along the core portion M_(c) of an E-shaped magneticcircuit M, including opposing poles P connected by yoke section Y. Suchreciprocation will be responsive to electric current through coil C asis well known in the art [cf. force being the product of flux density,coil length and coil current: F=BLI].

Workers are aware that, since the flux return path traverses the crosssection of core M_(c), then in certain instances actuator efficiency andthe upper limit of operation will be affected by "flux saturation" atthis relatively narrow piece--whereby an increment in coil current failsto produce a proportionate significant increase in actuator force. Onemight even say that such incremental current and flux is "wasted". Fluxmay also be deemed "wasted" insofar as the flux return path traversesyoke portion Y (an "open-loop" flux) rather than moving through the"working gap" between coil C and (the inner facing surfaces of) poles P(in a "closed-loop").

In accordance with one salient aspect of the present invention, such atransducer positioner is formed to comprise a "flat-coil" carriage. Inone embodiment, the "carriage" is comprised of a thin, planar frame, ormandrel, on which flat-wire loops are laid--this replacing theconventional VCM core as well as its coil and bobbin. In such anarrangement, more of the flux return path lies across the "working gap",so that more return flux participates as "working flux". This dispenseswith the usual tubular bobbin in favor of a flat mandrel support for thecoil loops.

As seen hereafter, it will be readily apparent to workers how such a"flat armature" (flat support/flat coil) provides the moving coilstructure for an improved linear actuator, compressing it and flatteningit out, as well as facilitating a great reduction in mass and volume.Such an improved armature will be seen to give superior performance,e.g., as a disk head positioner with "closed loop" flux as compared witha VC motor. Now, while others have suggested the use of related coilstructures which are somewhat flat thin and planar, no one has combinedsuch with a linear array of permanent magnets (pole pairs) as furtherdescribed below.

In accordance with another salient feature, such linear positioners aretaught in operative combination with a disk drive arrangement. Inaccordance with a related feature, such a "flat armature" is applied toreplace the typical bobbin coil and magnet of a voice coil actuator.

More particularly, according to such features such a flat coil actuatorarray is provided in integral relation with a direct-access disk driveapparatus. In such an apparatus the linear positioning "flat armature"operates responsive to electrical signals to its coils, causing it tocarry heads between disk track addresses. Such a "flat armature"positioner will be understood and described below as comprising amovable, planar non-magnetic frame on which coils are disposed, thisframe being adapted to be reciprocated along the "magnet gap" between anarray of stationary permanent magnet means responsive to certain currentthrough the coil windings.

Thus, an electrical address signal to the coils may be directlyconverted into linear actuator motion providing high speed headtranslation. Such an "armature" will be seen to eliminate muchunnecessary mass and reduce associated power and actuator volume. Bythis feature, the "flattened bobbin" becomes the carriage frame forcarrying a set of recording heads and eliminates all intermediate meansand their associated mass and complications.

In a related feature, it will be seen that such "flat armature"positioners, being configured to fit within the cross-section of atypical inter-disk gap, lend themselves to "modular" disk drivedesign--whereby individual head mounting arms and positioners and theirassociated positioning drive means and controls may be individuallyprovided and made sufficiently independent to be added, or subtracted,virtually at will--as compared with conventional disk drive positionerarrays wherein the actuator arms, etc., are mounted and/or driven andcontrolled as a multi-arm assembly (the basis for the "cylinder" conceptof disk pack data organization). Workers will readily recognize thefreedom of design and/or retro-fit provided by such a modular concept.

Such a "modular" design also simplifies the provision of servoelectronics for various disk drives having a different number ofdisks--for instance, a manufacturer may offer a "two-disk"-,"four-disk"- and "eight-disk"-drives; yet he can use the same positionerand servo control assemblies in all variations; where before he wouldtypically have to design and supply three different actuator andassociated control arrangements.

Thus, one object of this invention is to provide the mentioned and otherfeatures and advantages. Another object is to teach the use of such"flat actuators" in transducer assemblies, especially as adapted forpositioning heads in a disk drive. A related object is to adapt actuatorcross-section to that of the inter-disk gap--providing a "planaractuator" for "planar gaps"; and teaching the use of flat actuator coilsable to penetrate such gaps. Another object is to provide such "flatcoil" actuators with a high percentage of useful magnetic flux.

A further object is to provide multi-arm disk drive positioners whichare "modular".

Another object is to "miniaturize" head actuators for disk drives; arelated object is to reduce their cost, weight and power consumption,while improving acceleration. Yet a further object is to teach theadvantageous use of one or more transducer actuators and assemblies pergap pair (i.e., per pair of recording surfaces).

Another object is to teach the establishment of modules of disk surfacesand associated dedicated transducer assemblies, whereby system expansionor contraction is simplified. Yet a further object is to teach the useof such modules with independent transducer control whereby transducerscan be operated independent and in parallel (e.g., one engaged in"read/write" while one or several others are "seeking" their nextread/write address; or some heads positioned over oft-used tracks whileothers "seek" randomly).

Another object is to do so providing "multiple paths to data"(multi-port flexibility), with multiple transducer assemblies arrangedto cover the same addresses, at least optionally, A further object is toreduce the number of heads per actuator (e.g., thus reducing relative"offset"; also, facilitating lower power consumption, with less mass totranslate; also breaking-down actuator/head "coverage" with relativelyfew tracks per actuator (per head).

Thus, according to one general aspect, the invention may be viewed as alinear actuator arrangement comprising flat elongate planar carrier armwith one or several coils and one or more transducer means disposedthereon and adapted to be reciprocated along a linear path in the planeof this arm, and with permanent magnet means disposed along this pathadjacent the coils. For example, as seen below, such an arrangement maycomprise a multi-arm, multi-head positioner arrangement which isoperatively associated with a disk pack. Here, the term "transducer" maybe understood as directed to any transducer, or head, adapted to receivedata signals to be recorded on a medium or to be read therefrom.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

The foregoing, and other related objects, features and advantages of thepresent invention will be better appreciated by workers as they becomefamiliar with the following detailed description of presently preferredembodiments, these being considered in conjunction with the accompanyingdrawings, wherein like reference indicia denote like elements;

FIG. 1A is a perspective schematic partial view of an improved diskdrive embodiment with several multi-actuator module embodiments, theseshown in partly-disassembled perspective view in FIG. 1B and in afunctional side section in FIG. 2, and very schematically in the frontperspective in FIG. 3 and the rear perspective in FIG. 4;

FIG. 5 shows an upper perspective view of one actuator embodiment of thetype referenced above; while FIG. 6 shows the assembly in side sectionalview;

FIG. 7 shows a single actuator of the type in FIG. 5 and 6, as mountedfor rolling reciprocation, while FIG. 8 shows this in frontal sectionand FIG. 9A shows individual actuator elements exploded-away vertically,these elements being separately shown in FIGS. 9B, 9C, 9D, 9E and 9F;

FIG. 9AA is a functional plan view showing of a typical coil for such anactuator and FIG. 9AB is a schematic side view of such an actuator inthe manner of FIG. 6;

FIG. 10 is a plot of typical variations of actuator position with(magnetic) translational force;

FIG. 11 is a very schematic side section of a prior art "voice coil"type actuator shown in FIG. 12 in partial end perspective; while FIG. 13is a like view of related portions of a "flat coil" actuator accordingto the invention;

FIG. 14 is a very schematic plan view of a flat actuator according tothe invention to functionally indicate current polarity; with analternate coil arrangement being shown in FIG. 15 and with relateddifferently-connected coil arrays being shown in partial perspective andside view in related FIGS. 16A/16A'; 16B/16B' and 16C/16C';

FIG. 17 is a very schematic plan view of a magnetic recording disk witha functional indication of an "overlapping head"-track coveragetechnique useful with the present invention;

FIGS. 18A through 18D show, after the manner of FIG. 5B different arraysof permanent magnets varied in both the horizontal and verticaldirection;

FIGS. 19A through 19C show variations, after the manner of FIG. 1B, ofdifferently arranged stacks of actuator compartments; and

FIG. 20 is a side schematic perspective of a modification of the presentflat coil actuator used to drive a plurality of positioner arms ratherthan a single arm as in the prior embodiments.

DESCRIPTION OF PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS

FIG. 1B is an idealized perspective view of salient portions of a novel"dual-path" disk drive comprising a rotatable multi-disk pack Pkarranged to be controllably rotated, e.g., by motor m_(p), and otherwiseoperated relatively conventionally, except that it is operativelyassociated with a plurality of like actuator modules MA to be describedhereafter. According to one feature hereof, this arrangement comprises afirst stack of actuators MA-1 comprising 16 identical stacked actuators("odd gap" stack) each designed to service one of the odd-numbered gapsin the 64 disk stack Pk, while a like "even stack" MA-2 comprisessimilar array of actuators, each designed to service one of theeven-numbered gaps. Workers will appreciate that, here, two stacksrather than one are shown; this illustrating a feature of conveniencewith the invention. That is, rather than being stacked in a singlevertical array, the flat coil actuators according to the invention arepreferably broken up and organized into two stacks (as here) or intofour stacks, etc., etc., as one may prefer.

According to a related feature,, each of these stacks MA-1, MA-2 isreplicated in a second set: "even stack" MA-3 and second "odd stack"MA-4, these equivalent to MA-1, MA-2, respectively, except that wherethe first two stacks cover the outer disk tracks principally, the secondstack pair are designed to cover the inner (half of the) disk tracks. Asa supplemental feature, all stacks preferably have a secondary("backup") capability to service the entire track array (e.g., in case acompanion actuator is disabled or otherwise occupied).

Attention is directed to FIGS. 1B-8 (especially FIGS. 3 and 4) where asingle one of the actuator assemblies MA according to the invention, isshown. Each stack MA is arranged to provide a stacked module, or arrayof actuators and associated magnets and to provide positioner arm meansfor an associated set of transducer heads. Each stack MA will beunderstood as comprising a prescribed number of independent actuatorstrips A-m stacked vertically, each being adapted to be reciprocatedalong a prescribed carriage-way between a respective array of opposedpermanent magnet pairs (see magnets m, FIG. 2) to position associatedtransducer means in a respective inter-disk gap. In FIG. 3, fourillustrative actuator strips A-m1 to A-m4 are shown by way of example,with their forward, transducer-carrying ends adapted to projectrespective heads h into the disk stack (indicated in phantom and wellknown in the art).

FIGS. 7 and 8 give a perspective view of a preferred embodiment of "flatcoil" linear positioner A-m in accordance with this invention. Such anembodiment can be considered as comprised of two primary assemblies: themobile armature-carriage assembly A-c essentially including the flatcoils, head mount, roller bearing and support means; plus the fixedhousing and permanent magnet structure A-g with the magnet shunts,sides, etc.

As shown in the drawings for purposes of illustration, the invention isto be understood as incorporated in a magnetic disk memory system,including a plurality of disks D in a conventional stacked array Pk,arranged in vertical spaced relation with a related stacked array ofhead assemblies h. Each head assembly h is mounted at the distal end ofan armature carriage A-m to be reciprocated back and forth in itsdisk-gap relative to a respective pair of magnetic recording disksurfaces.

With selective positioning of each head assembly in a conventionalmanner, the "flat armature" (coil) means provided according to theinvention, may be electrically energized to move into a retracted orextended position as known in the art (relative to the associated pairof disk surfaces) and read or record information on any selected trackthereof. Thus, the head assemblies h are supported in pairs on actuatorstrip A-m, to be projected in cantilever fashion as part of a rollingcarriage supported by rollers r and movable along track rails R. Thereciprocating actuator assembly A-m, carrying coil C, is operable whencoil C is current-energized in a conventional manner, to move thecarriage along the associated cavity, toward and away from the diskstack between a plurality of precisely located addresses, theseaddresses, or track positions, determine the position of heads withinthe stack in the known manner.

FIG. 4 indicates the opposite (rear) end of the actuators includingtheir flexible connector (head cable) means CB-1, etc., and associatedconnections, these being provided conventionally and as known in theart.

For illustration purposes, one such actuator assembly module MA isindicated schematically in FIG. 1A where, for simplicity ofillustration, the actuator strips, associated permanent magnets m, etc.,are removed, except for magnets m shown in phantom. Actuator array MA isarranged according to the invention to house a prescribed number ofidentical stacked actuator assemblies (here, four places shown, eachassembly being separated by a prescribed metal shield-support orpartition 1-p, 1-p', 1-p"). Array MA is peripherally defined by a pairof metal sides 1-1, 1-1' connected and closed by a pair of (upper andlower) magnetic shunt plates (1-2, 1-2', respectively). Shunts 1-2, 1-2'are preferably comprised of cold rolled steel or other low reluctancematerial so as to offer a low resistance magnetic (shunt) return pathfor actuator flux.

The inner portions of sides 1-1, 1-1' are cut-out to form slots 1-cv,etc., or elongate linear grooves for receiving guide rails (see rails Rin FIG. 8); these rails, in turn, to be engaged by a respective pair ofroller assemblies r projecting from frame A-m--as indicated in moredetail in the sectional view of FIG. 8, and the perspective of FIG. 7,for instance. The structure MA is preferably formed in a standard modulewith a prescribed standard height, width and length (h,w,l,respectively), such that these actuators may be stacked vertically.Thus, where a larger array of actuators is desired, the appropriatenumber of such modules may be added on, being stacked adjacent theirassociated gaps, (the number of compartments per stage is optional).

As detailed in FIGS. 5, 6 and 7, each actuator strip A-m includes twodouble roller assemblies r on each side thereof (or two such opposed bya single third roller as an option, see FIG. 7). These dual-opposedwheels are adapted, as known in the art, to engage a respective guiderail R as indicated in FIG. 8, in rolling contact when the assembly A-mis translated along its elongate axis (in moving head assembly hrelative to track addresses on a respective pair of disks D as wellknown in the art). Each actuator strip A-m is adapted to beso-reciprocated along a respective actuator cavity between opposed setsof permanent magnet poles m (here, four such pole pairs are shown inFIG. 6A at P-1/P-1'; P-2/P-2'; P-3/P-3'; P-4/P-4'; see also FIG. 2 wherefour such actuator strips A-m1 through A-m4 are illustratedschematically as apt for reciprocation, when energized, along thestrip's axis and between opposed sets of pole pairs).

FIGS. 5-7 also illustrate details of such a flat coil actuator strip A-mwhere, according to various further features of novelty, the strip isformed into a relatively thin, light-weight, planar body and is adaptedto receive flat coil windings; (--preferably as a printed circuit boardPCB, with two or more flat, overlapped coils C printed thereon).Electronic circuit means e is also preferably mounted on each strip A-mat the designer's option, (e.g., read/write electronics for theassociated actuator).

Such a "flat armature" A-m wil be understood to comprise a "planartrolley" carrying read/write heads h at its distal end and mounted onbearings to be reciprocated freely along a track between upper and lowerrelatively flat opposing pole pairs. The arrangement of magnets andhousing, including magnetic shunts 1-2, 1-2' will be understood asforming a "closed" flux loop (return path) as mentioned, with fluxdirection as indicated in dotted line φ. Here, as opposed to a VC motor,the flux return path will be seen as "contained" (not "uncontained" orsubstantially in-air, as with a VC motor), lying principally across theworking gap, so that return flux participates as working flux. Thisdesign dispenses with the tubular bobbin and helical coils of a VCM--infavor of the flat mandrel or support on which the several flat conductorloops are placed. These loops will comprise one or several turns(preferably eight coils of eleven turns each and staggered with a 0.625"pitch, as indicated in FIGS. 9A-9F--these loops comprising a moving coilthrough which the activating current passes to generate the "workingflux" which moves the unit.

Workers will be surprised how thin such an actuator can be (e.g., athickness of about 3/4" is readily achieved using 1/16" PC board withcopper cladding plus 1/2" thick magnets on 1/16" sheet steel, leaving anair gap of about 0.1").

The operation of such a novel, "flat coil" ("flat armature") actuatorwill be apparent to those skilled in the art; that is, the motor orlinear positioner so formed will be understood as comprised of four flatplates (PC boards) supporting eight flat overlapped coils C with thehead h and associated electronics e mounted at the front end of boardA-m, and with bearings and associated rollers supporting the board edgefor movement along respective rails. In operation, only one of the twooverlapped coil-sets is energized at one time. Each coil set, whencurrent is applied, interacts with four adjacent surrounding magnets (ofthe eight-magnet assembly see also FIG. 9AB). The magnets providealternating flux in the air gap between themselves and the coil turns,such that a coil's "front" wire experiences flux that is directedoppositely to that experienced by its "back" wire. Thus, as the coilmoves it will reach the boundaries of the flux area covered by thesefour driving magnets--at which time the second coil is enabled and takesover using the same four magnets. This action will be understood asproviding a capability for "stepping" the flat coil actuator through themagnet assembly while still keeping a "linear region" associated witheach step (Note: when such a coil is energized it moves in somedirection until it reaches a "magnetic boundary"; then if the current isreversed, the coil moves in the opposite direction until reachinganother "magnetic boundary"--the distance between these boundaries isthe "linear mode region").

Workers will appreciate how compact, light and advantageous such astaggered multi-turn actuator coil array can be. For instance, asprovided for a typical stack of magnetic recording disks, each suchactuator would service the gap between associated disks; while stackedsets of such actuators will be grouped in modules wherein a commonmagnetic housing and circuit is provided (between shunts 1-2, 1-2', forinstance, as noted in FIG. 1A, etc.).

Thus, for a typical disk stack with a typical inter-disk spacing or gapg_(d) (see FIG. 6) of about 3/8" and with one such "flat-coil" actuatorarrangement servicing each inter-disk spacing, the performance anddimensional constraints for practical, optimal head translation arereadily accommodated. (E.g., in one embodiment using 1/16" PC board with20 mil copper clad coils, and assuming inner gap clearance of about1/10" inch, fast translation was seen.--Note above that the magnet polesP may, for instance, be formed of one-half inch thick ferrite, having apermeance coefficient of about 2.8; while shunts 1-2, 1-2' can be 3/8"cold rolled steel, with supporting plates 1-p, etc., comprisingnon-magnetic 1/16" steel sheet). The coils are preferably "overlapped"as illustrated.

With rare earth-cobalt magnets in such an array (90 gm. actuator) andwith a gap flux of about 4 kilogauss, a very surprisingly low leakagehas been observed (e.g., about 5 gauss at 3/4" vs. ordinary VC motorsimilarly used: 5 gauss at about 7"). Also, the excursioncharacteristics are surprisingly "flat". Preferably, the coils are"reverse-wound" and connected at centers (see below). The flux loops(see φ) will be observed as nicely "contained" between adjacentopposed-polarity magnets (e.g., P-3, P-3'; P-4, P-4' shown) and themagnetic keepers or end plates 1-p, 1-p'. Thus, the magnetic potential(M.P.) as shown will be zero at the top, bottom and center of the array(FIG. 6A).

The working excursion of this actuator (FIG. 6A) should be viewed as:

1: from extreme left (c-1, c-1' in phantom) across P-1/P-1' to P-2/P-2'with coils c-1, c-1' working;

2: then, as coils c-2, c-2' (oppositely poled from c-1, c-1') start tosweep across P-2/P-2'-P-3/P-3'

Except as particularized, workers will understand that the foregoingelements are constructed and operated as known in the art (e.g., asspecified in the cited references). Workers may be surprised to learnthat embodiments like that here indicated have involved a total movingmass of only about 90 grams--this comprising the actuator strip, or PCboard, pair of head assemblies, and pair of R/W integrated circuits,along with the four sets of double bearings, or rollers--a surprisinglow mass!

It will be apparent to workers how such a "flat armature" linearpositioner simplifies the moving coil structure, compressing it andflattening it out, as well as making it possible to greatly reduce massand volume. (E.g., as compared to a VC motor with its "open" (airtraversing) flux path; see FIG. 11).

Such a "flat coil" actuator will also be seen as allowing for arelatively unlimited stroke length (according to the number of magnetsstrung out) this facilitating radical miniaturization and compression ofthe actuator stack (and thus allowing one simplified actuator betweeneach pair of recording disk surfaces--i.e. per gap--according to arelated feature)--the flat shape facilitating the close and intimatestacking of actuators in a rather surprising novel manner.

"One plus" actuators per surface-pair; "multiple path to data"p As isevident from the above (see FIG. 2 especially) this "flat armature"concept facilitates the use of one, or more, transducer assemblies perrecording surface (pair). The evident reduction in actuator mass, cost,power, etc., will obviously encourage this. And workers will readily seeadvantages in such an "actuator-per-disk" array. For instance, no longeris it necessary to translate a heavy multi-transducer load, servicing"n" pairs of record surfaces, to shift one head on one surface! Also,while a first head is transducing, one (or several) other may,the-while, be shifted to a new address--thus avoiding wasted "accesstime" when the other head begins transducing (and the first ends).

This, in turn, facilitates a "multiple path to data" concept, wherebysome, or all, tracks may be serviced by more than one head, and by morethan one associated actuator--preferably having two heads per surface.

Such a "multi-ported" disk file concept is very schematicallyillustrated in FIG. 14, where one illustrative disk D_(n) in a stack isshown to be comprised of 150 recording tracks--t₁, t₅₀, t₁₀₀ and t₁₅₀being shown, in phantom, for illustration purposes. Certain groups ofthese tracks are to be serviced by a respective one of a trio oftransducer heads h₁, h₂ and h₃, the heads to be actuated and controlledby appropriate mechanisms as known in the art (not shown here--it beingunderstood that each of the disks D in a subject stack would besimilarly provided).

Now, as indicated by the solid arrows, head h₁ is arranged to primarilyservice tracks t₁ -t₅₀ (being positioned closely adjacent this group oftracks and normally reciprocated only across them--however being alsoadapted to be further translated to service tracks t₅₀ -t₁₀₀ as a"backup" transducer. In a similar manner, head h₂ is disposed toprimarily service tracks t₅₀ -t₁₀₀, as well as arranged to also servicet₁ -t₅₀ as a "backup" to h₁ (and/or t₁₀₀ -t₁₅₀ ; likewise head h₃ isadapted to principally service tracks t₁₀₀ -t₁₅₀, while also optionallycovering tracks t₅₀ -t₁₀₀ (and/or t₁ -t₅₀) as a "backup" head.

Thus, data along any particular track will have at least one alternate"port" (for data input/output), or transducer head arrangement forservicing it in case its primary transducer is unavailable (e.g., beingbusy elsewhere or damaged and inoperative, etc.). Thus, for example,head h₁ might be transducing on track t₄₉ and the current program callfor track t₄₇ to be transduced next--in which case an optimized programcould call head h₂ into service for this rather than head h₁ (assuminghead h₂ was not otherwise occupied and was then available); thus head h₂would be translated to track t₄₇ during the time h₁ was transducing ont₄₉. Quite evidentially this would avoid the "dead time" that would haveresulted if head h₁ were used to service both tracks (avoid need tosuspend data processing and input/output while h₁ was translated fromt₄₉ to t₄₇). Workers will, of course, conceive of many other instancesin which such "multihead servicing" of data tracks is particularlyadvantageous. Also, it will be apparent that the aforementioned "flatarmature" design for transducer-actuators is particularly apt forproviding this.

Formation and Operation of flat coil armatures; FIGS. 7, 9A-9F and 9AA,9AB

A preferred construction and mode of assembly for flat coil armatureembodiment A-m in FIG. 7 is indicated in a form of a layup in explodedview in FIG. 9A, with the several parts thereof being indicated in FIGS.9B, 9C, 9D, 9E and 9F, while an operational representation is indicatedin FIGS. 9AA and 9AB, FIG. 9AB also illustrating the preferred coiloffset or overlapped relation.

More particularly, in FIGS. 9A and 9B will be seen an upper view of theframe f (of epoxy-glass, about 0.6 inches thick) to which the PC boards,coils, rollers and connectors, etc., are to be attached (or anon-ferrous metal may be used, preferably with all "rings" gapped with adielectric). The structure and operation of these and other partsdescribed will be understood as conventional, except as otherwisedescribed. Frame f will be seen to be cut-out along its cross-sectionwherever possible (wherever the necessary rigidity and cross-sectionalstrength admit). A pair of PC boards, B₁, B₂ are to be placedrespectively above and below frame f, each board carrying two pair offlat printed-circuit "overlapping" coils C (one on its top, the other onits bottom face) in opposed offset relation (though this is optional).That is dual-coils C-1, C-2 are disposed on the top and bottom of upperboard B₁ and coils C-4, C-3 disposed atop and below the bottom PC boardB₂. Opposed pairs of rollers r (bearings) support the frame for rollingreciprocation. A conventional head assembly (pair) is carried (notshown) along with associated electronics (e.g., see R/W chip 7-5).Flexible cables 7-3 couple the structure electrically to the outside andmay include return-spring means.

In operation, and as very generally indicated in FIG. 9AA, each suchflat coil C (only one coil shown for simplicity) will preferablycomprise a multi-turn printed circuit exhibiting a rather advantageousmode of interaction with adjacent magnetic flux (intersecting the coilturns and emanating preferably from sets of surrounding permanent magnetpoles as indicated in FIG. 9AB and elsewhere). Thus, once an energizingvoltage V_(c) is applied across the terminals to coil C, current willflow in the directions indicated by the arrows, and, with oppositelydirected flux φ (indicated as φ₊ and φ₋ in FIG. 9AA), the actuationimpulses will be additive, tending to thrust the overall structure funidirectionally as indicated by arrow aa.

This is indicated rather diagrammatically in FIG. 9AB, where a flat coilarmature A-m of the type described in the above embodiment is shown veryschematically and in cross-section. Here, A-m includes a pair ofopposed-offset coils C-1, C-2 disposed on opposite sides of a supportingboard. Coils C-1, C-2 are identical and shown in schematic operativerelation with a linear array of opposed permanent magnet pole pairs ofthe indicated polarity (see arrows). Each coil has an inner diameter(C_(1D)) approximating the common length (P_(L)) of any pole along thetranslation path (arrows aa), less a coil width (C_(w))--i.e. C_(1D)=P_(L) -C_(w). The pole pairs should be an even number and may,advantageously, extend virtually any distance with such aconstruction--a decided advantage over conventional actuators such as aVCM. Low reluctance shunt caps MK, MK' (e.g., of steel) help close theflux paths efficiently, minimizing the in-air flux-paths.

In operation, coil C-2 may be assumed to be energized with a certaindrive current (+i_(d)) to begin translating armature A-m in thedirection of arrow aa. When coil C-1 passes beyond poles P-1, P-1' andreaches position C-1', or before, the current (+i_(d)) to coil C-2 isterminated and an opposite-polarity current pulse (-i_(d)) is sentthrough C-1 (while C-1 passes pole P-2, P2'). Coil C-1 then goes"quiescent" and C-2 is re-activated--and so on, until the armaturereaches the end of this excursion (indicated here as the position ofC"-1, C"-2--however, if less than "full power" is acceptable, theexcursion may be extended somewhat in both directions, as workers know).

Workers will recognize many features of novelty in such a "flat linearactuator"; for instance, its thin planar cross-section (tailored to diskgap dimensions), the aligned magnet pairs, the overlapping coils.

Results

Such a "flat armature" (printed circuit) actuator will be seen asadvantageous by those skilled in the art, whether developed according tothe above described embodiment or in a different related manneraccording to the subject teaching. Such a "flat actuator" is obviouslyapt for use in a "multi-actuator" array, with a plurality of actuators(and heads) available for each disk surface (or pair thereof)--i.e.,with a plurality available per track as a preferable option. Such a"flat actuator" lends itself readily to the "multi-actuator" concept(e.g., as suggested in FIG. 1A) especially as opposed to existingdesigns.

As a qualitative example of the kind of results that can be achieved,consider FIG. 10, a plot of actuator force vs. head position for anactuator using (2.0 ampere excitation current).

NOTE: a translational force of 250 to 300 grams is quickly developed andsustained to be relatively constant over a translation excursion ofabout 0.3 to 1.3 inches--the next cycle beginning about 1.5 incheswherein the second set of coils takes over.

VC Actuators compared; FIGS. 12, 13

FIG. 12 depicts, very schematically, a relatively conventionalcylindrical solenoid 15-M (of the VC-M type, as in FIG. 11 also)comprising a permanent magnet source of magnetic flux comprised of acylindrical, or semi-cylindrical, shell 15-1, with an inner core 15-2,core 15-2 being encircled by a moving solenoid coil 15-4. Coil 15-4 willbe recognized as conventionally translated along core 15-2 whenenergized with current (due to inductive interaction with the magneticflux--see arrows emanating between core 15-2 and peripheral magnet parts15-1). Force arrow F indicates the resultant reciprocal translationforces so developed--the force direction being determined by directionof current through coil 15-4, as well known in the art.

The magnetic flux field set-up by coil current will flow mainly throughthe "path of least reluctance" (as indicated by flux loops 15-3 throughmagnet 15-M). I have found that "flat armature actuators" of the typedescribed above operate somewhat differently. As indicated ratherdiagrammatically in FIG. 13, one may, simplistically, consider such"flat-armature" devices as comprised of a flat coil CCL (any number ofturns) arranged to be energized and movable along a path between opposedmagnet pairs, such as pairs A, B and C, in line. (Loop CCL hereindicated as spanning section B and part of C). Considering theinductive energy stored in the air gap between these magnet poles, andintersected by the loops of coil CCL, the total energy in the system maybe described as the sum of energy across segments A, B and C.

Now, if coil system CCL is moved "Forward" (in the direction indicatedby the arrow, to the position CCL', shown in phantom), it will obviouslyspan less of the working cross-sectional flux through segment C, whileadding a corresponding amount from segment A, with that through segmentB remaining unchanged. Thus, when the volumetric inter-gap fluxdensities are summed after such an incremental step, it will be foundthat the new energy is the same.

Hence, one can say that such movement of a "flat coil" armature involvesno transfer of energy, unlike the "cylindrical actuators" indicated inFIG. 12 above. Workers will appreciate this advantage.

Alternate coil configurations; FIGS. 14, 15

FIG. 14 indicates very generally, and in plan view, a pair ofopposed-offset (overlapping) coils C-A, C-B, mounted on a "flatarmature" A-m and adapted to function in the manner of the abovedescribed embodiments. That is, the two opposed "end segments" of coilC-A (see arrows) are shown as relatively directly intersected by theflux of an adjacent pole pair (at this point in the translation cycle);while the end segments of companion coil C-B will intercept little or nosuch magnetic flux. Thus, one can say that coil C-A is "active", here;while coil C-B is now "quiescent" (during this portion of theirexcursion cycle). Thereafter, as the coils move and the flux leaves theconfines of the C-A segments, it will begin to more directly intersectthe end segments of coil C-B--then coil C-A will have turned "quiescent"and coil C-B become "active", to thereby maintain the driving force andcontinue the translation of armature A-m. Thereafter, upon further coilmovement, coil C-A will again turn "active" and C-B "quiescent", etc.,etc., as described above.

Workers in the art will perceive that while the "opposed-offset",overlapping printed coil construction indicated in described embodimentsis rather advantageous and practical for many applications, there areother ways of implementing this concept and achieving similar results.One such alternate way is (very schematically) indicated in FIG. 15, (inthe manner of FIG. 14). Here, a related "flat coil" armature A-m will beunderstood to include one or several adjacent coil "loops" L-1, L-2shown for wires CC disposed thereon (as opposed to the "single-loop"coils C-A, C-B in FIG. 14, each of which is drawn about a commonperimeter). As indicated in FIG. 15 each such printed circuit wire is tobe extended along the actuation direction to define this "Multi-loop"version of such "flat armatures".

Coil-coupling variations; FIGS. 16

FIGS. 16A, 16A' show schematically (perspective and sectionrespectively) a single coil (replicated each side) 2 layer constructionwherein the (printed circuit) coils will be understood as"reverse-wound" and through-connected (C-a to C-b) at their centers.FIGS. 16B, 16B' are similar and show a variation: a "dual coil" (2separate coils); single layer assembly wherein C-d and C-e are connectedto separate input terminals.

FIGS. 16C, 16C' are similar and show another, highly preferredvariation: a "dual coil/4 layer" assembly yielding eight coilseffectively and deriving more turns per coil. (C-f through-connected toC-g at center; then C-g to C-m at ends; thence C-m to C-n at centers;and C-h to C-j at centers; thence C-j to C-k at ends; thence C-k to C-lat centers).

Different magnet arrays; FIGS. 18

FIG. 18A shows, schematically, a 4 magnet (2 opposed pair) actuatorarray comparable to that of FIG. 2. FIG. 18B similarly shows an 8-magnet(4 opposed pairs) array comparable to that of FIGS. 5 and 6--both havingmagnetic keeper plates, mk, mk' as above mentioned for fluxconservation.

FIG. 18C shows three actuator compartments, each with a 6-magnet array(3 opposed pairs) plus a side-keeper sk for closing the magneticcircuit. Such an "odd pair" configuration is less preferable than"even-pairs" (multiples of 4 magnets preferred).

FIG. 18D is another variation comprising (for each actuator) abi-functional array of magnets: one set of high-performance magnets(e.g., rare-earth/cobalt magnets M-RC) for "normal" fast operations,over a normal excursion; plus a second set of inexpensive,low-performance magnets (e.g., ceramic magnets M-C) for exceptional oremergency operations. For instance, as used in a "dual path-to-data"disk drive, as noted above, such actuators would be understood asnormally operating over a short (e.g., 50 track) excursion--this definedby high strength expensive magnets M-RC. But for optional occasionaluse, over an extended stroke (e.g., 100 tracks, when companion actuatoris "busy" or "disabled"), the actuator (coils) would travel beyond theregion M-RC into that of magnets M-C as well. For such occasional,emergency operations the degraded performance to be expected withmagnets M-C (e.g., slower translation) is acceptable, and justified bythe cost-savings.

Various actuator-stack configurations; FIG. 19

FIG. 1B shows schematically, a 4-compartment stack, for four "flat coil"actuator units, with top and bottom flux-shunt plates. Compare the7-compartment unit of FIG. 19A and the 8-unit array of FIGS. 19B and19C. FIG. 19B really combines two 4-unit modules as in FIG. 1B; but in19C the (redundant) center shunting plates (mk", mk''') are eliminated,with reduction in height, weight and cost, but no sacrifice inperformance.

Multi-arm "flat coil" actuator; FIG. 20

FIG. 20 shows in very schematic perspective, a variant use of the "flatcoil actuator" of the invention. Here, a plurality of arms (3 shown,number optional): aa-1, aa-2, aa-3 are shown all mounted in common froma single "PCB coil" actuator comprising board A-I with coils (C etc.) asbefore indicated. Large permanent magnet plates M-I, M-II surround the(coil portion of) board A-I and are adapted to cause it to reciprocate(arrow c-o) when the coils are energized, as before. This will, ofcourse, drive associated head assemblies to a prescribed common positionadjacent respective disk surfaces (D-1, D-2, D-3).

However, according to a related feature board A-I is mounted andarranged (by conventional means, not shown) to also be reciprocatedvertically (arrow v-d) by conventional means, (not shown).

Conclusion

Workers will appreciate how aptly such flat armature actuators arecombined to drive transducer assemblies for disk drive apparatus and thelike. In particular it will be appreciated that such actuators functionto reduce the size, the weight, the power and the cost of a transduceractuator and increase its speed (acceleration) accordingly--somethingworkers in the art are now fervently awaiting. Workers will alsoappreciate that such actuators may be used to reciprocate other similarloads in related environments.

It will be understood that the preferred embodiments described hereinare only exemplary, and that the invention is capable of manymodifications and variations in construction, arrangement and usewithout departing from the spirit of the invention.

Further modifications of the invention are also possible. For example,the means and methods disclosed herein are also applicable to tapesystems and the like, as well as to drums, etc. Also, the presentinvention is applicable for providing the positioning required in otherforms of recording and/or reproducing systems, such as those in whichdata is recorded and reproduced optically.

The above examples of possible variations of the present invention aremerely illustrative. Accordingly, the present invention is to beconsidered as including all possible modifications and variations comingwithin the scope of the invention as defined by the appended claims.

What is claimed is:
 1. In an improved disk file including a stack ofdigital recording disks characterized by an array of inter-disk gapsdisposed at respective sites separated by a common gap-distance along aprescribed stacking direction, the combination therewith of improvedmulti-transducer translation means comprising:flat-coil linear actuatormeans including coil means and an array of any number, N, liketransducer arm means mounted projectingly from said actuator means to beseparated from one another by said gap-distance; vertical magnetic drivemeans adapted to drive said actuator means positioningly along aprescribed vertical path in said stacking direction; and lateral drivemeans adapted to selectively translate said actuator means into, and outof, said stack whereby to insert and position the transducer meanscarried thereby in selected gap site; said vertical drive meanscomprising at least one opposing pair of magnet pole pieces disposedopposingly along said path and arranged to drivingly, inductivelyinteract with the coil means of said actuator means.
 2. The combinationas recited in claim 1, wherein said actuator means comprises a flatplanar armature means mounted and adapted to reciprocate along theprescribed linear vertical inter-gap path and wherein said magnet polepieces comprise permanent magnet slabs arrayed along this path andadapted to induce translation of the armature means therealong inaccordance with appropriate energizing current through the armaturemeans.
 3. The combination as recited in claim 2, wherein the armaturemeans comprises planar substrate means and coil means disposed on one orboth sides thereof.
 4. The combination as recited in claim 3, whereinthe substrate means comprises a printed circuit board and the coil meanscomprises one or more flat coil loops printed thereon.
 5. Thecombination as recited in claim 1, wherein said magnet pieces comprise apair of like opposed permanent magnet slabs disposed on opposite sidesof the path in electro-magnetic driving relation with said armaturemeans.
 6. A method of translating and positioning a set of liktransducer arms, each along a prescribed inter-gap path relative tocertain associated selected gap locations in a linear array of suchlocations, this method comprising:providing flat-coil armature means anda set of transducer arms carried thereon, these being arrayed anddisposed to be driven along this path so as to selectively access anyset of adjacent said gaps with said set of arms; providing magnet meansalong this path so as to be drivingly related with said armature means;and selectively energizing said armature means so as to effect aprescribed positioning of the arms relative to a selected set of gaps.7. The combination as recited in claim 6, wherein the armature meanscomprises a planar substrate and inductor means disposed on at least oneside thereof.
 8. The combination as recited in claim 7, wherein themagnet means comprises at least one set of opposed permanent magnet polepairs, disposed along said path in driving relation with said inductormeans.
 9. The combination as recited in claim 8, wherein said inductormeans comprises flat coil means disposed on each side of said substrate.10. The combination as recited in claim 9, wherein said substrate isprovided as a printed circuit board and said coil means are printedthereon to form one or several inductor loops on each side of the board.